Definition af sygdom
Asthma, also known as bronchial asthma, is a chronic airway disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the airways. The clinical manifestations are recurrent symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness or cough, which often occur or worsen at night and early morning, most patients can be relieved by themselves or relieved after treatment.
Epidemiologi
The prevalence of asthma among adults in China is 1.24 percent . The disease tends to occur in people with a family history of asthma, complications (such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, eczema, respiratory diseases and gastroesophageal reflux disease), obesity, smoking and allergen exposure. Due to urbanization and the lifestyle changes, the prevalence of asthma is increasing year by year. According to an analysis of asthma deaths in the 5 to 34 age group, the global death rate from asthma dropped from 0.44 to 0.19 per 100,000 population between 1993 and 2006, but remained unchanged from 2006 to 2012, according to WHO's online death database.
Sygdomstyper
Jeg træner-induceret astma
Det er forårsaget af træning og er direkte relateret til træningens type, varighed, volumen og intensitet. Episoderne er akutte, forbigående og de fleste forsvinder spontant.
II Asthma Drugs
Forårsaget af brugen af visse lægemidler, såsom aspirin, beta-blokkere osv. |Erhvervsmæssig astma
Det er forårsaget af erhvervsbetinget astma-forårsagede stoffer såsom polyurethanskum, syntetiske fibre, klæbemidler osv., og er ofte forårsaget af åndenød, trykken for brystet og hoste under eller flere timer efter arbejde, ledsaget af rhinitis og/eller conjunctiva Symptomerne forsvandt efter at have forladt arbejdspladsen.
III Allergisk astma
Often caused by allergic substances acting on allergic constitution, and allergic diseases (such as allergic rhinitis, etc.) can occur, manifested as sneezing, runny nose, coughing, chest tightness, wheezing and even breathing difficulties.
Symptomer
Astmapatienter har ofte symptomer som hvæsende vejrtrækning, åndenød, trykken for brystet eller hoste. Generelt kan de lindres af sig selv eller behandles med anti-astmamedicin.
I Typiske symptomer
Generel præstation for gentagne anfald af hvæsende vejrtrækning, åndenød, trykken for brystet eller hoste og andre symptomer; Alvorlige anfald kan forekomme i en kort periode med dyspnø og hypoxæmi.
II Aura symptomer
Før angrebet ofte varslende symptomer såsom tilstoppet næse, nysen og kløende øjne.
Symptomer på et akut anfald af astma
I Mild
Shortness of breath, anxiety, slight increase in breathing rate, and occasional wheezing can be heard when walking or upstairs .
II Moderat
Shortness of breath with moderate activity, often interrupted speech, anxiety from time to time, increased breathing rate, three concave sign (referring to the obvious depression in the suprasternal fossa, supraclavicular fossa, and intercostal space during inhalation), loud, Diffuse wheezing, increased heart rate. Shortness of breath during severe rest, orthopnea, only single-word expressions, often anxiety and irritability, profuse sweating, breathing rate > 30 beats/min, often with three concave signs, hearing loud and diffuse wheezing, increased heart rate Fast and often >120 gange/min.
III Kritisk syg
Patienter er ude af stand til at tale, døsighed eller forvirring, nedsat eller fraværende hvæsen og langsom eller uregelmæssig puls.
Grundlæggende ætiologi
I Genetiske faktorer
Astma har en polygen genetisk tendens, og dens begyndelse har et vist familiært aggregeringsfænomen, det vil sige, jo tættere slægtskabet er, desto højere er forekomsten, men dets begyndelse dannes ofte af den kombinerede virkning af flere gener og eksogene faktorer.
II Miljøfaktorer
Patogene faktorer såsom indendørs allergener (husdyr, kakerlakker osv.), udendørs allergener (pollen, græspulver osv.), erhvervsmæssige allergener (maling, reaktive farvestoffer osv.), mad (fisk, rejer, æg, mælk, osv.), lægemidler (aspirin, antibiotika osv.) og andre stimulerede faktorer.
III Ikke-patogene faktorer såsom luftforurening, rygning, motion, fedme osv. kan også udløse astma.
Behandling
I Acute treatment :
1. Mild acute asthma exacerbations can be treated with inhaled salbutamol or metaxonin aerosols, which usually work within minutes, or with oral beta 2 agonists. Symptoms are only partially improved after inhalation of bronchodilators in acute exacerbations of moderate asthma, so a combination of becloxone propionate or budesonide inhalation is often required. People with moderate asthma exacerbation often have nocturnal asthma attacks and exacerbation of symptoms, and often need to use long-acting sustained-release theophylline and other drugs to effectively prevent nocturnal asthma attacks.
2. Acute severe asthma
At this time, the effects of inhalation of 2 receptor agonists and glucocorticoids is not obvious, and it is often necessary to send to the hospital emergency department.
II Generel behandling
For årsagen til behandlingen: såsom luftvejsinfektioner, er antibiotika påkrævet. Symptomatisk behandling: såsom hvæsen, er det nødvendigt at behandle spasmolyse og astma; Ved dyspnø er det nødvendigt at holde luftvejene uhindret, ilt eller endda give mekanisk ventilationsbehandling.
In addition, in daily life, asthma patients should pay attention to active disease prevention measures, moderate exercise can help reduce airway inflammation, relieve anxiety, improve the quality of life; In the climate change, pay attention to timely keep warm, as far as possible to avoid public places with many people, so as not to cause respiratory infections; Reasonable diet, regular life, maintain a good state of mind, ensure adequate sleep, improve body resistance, enhance airway anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic ability.
It is suggested that every asthma patient should have an oxygen concentrator at home, which can be inhaled at any time when the body feels unwell. Oxygen inhalation has a good effect on asthma, which can improve the oxygen concentration in the alveoli and help relieve asthma. Inhaling oxygen before going to bed can not only help alleviate the disease, but also promote sleep, reduce insomnia, easy to wake up, and then improve one's own resistance.